在面向对象的概念中,所有的对象都是通过类来描绘的,但是反过来,并不是所有的类都是用来描绘对象的,如果一个类中没有包含足够的信息来描绘一个具体的对象,这样的类就是抽象类。
抽象类除了不能实例化对象之外,类的其它功能依然存在,成员变量、成员方法和构造方法的访问方式和普通类一样。
由于抽象类不能实例化对象,所以抽象类必须被继承,才能被使用。也是因为这个原因,通常在设计阶段决定要不要设计抽象类。
父类包含了子类集合的常见的方法,但是由于父类本身是抽象的,所以不能使用这些方法。
abstract class Employee{ private String name; private String address; private int number; public Employee(String name, String address, int number) { System.out.println("Constructing an Employee"); this.name = name; this.address = address; this.number = number; } public double computePay() { System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay"); return 0.0; } public void mailCheck() { System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name + " " + this.address); } public String toString() { return name + " " + address + " " + number; } public String getName() { return name; } public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String newAddress) { address = newAddress; } public int getNumber() { return number; }}public class AbstractClass{ public static void main(String [] args) { /* 以下是不允许的,会引发错误 */ Employee e = new Employee("George W.", "Houston, TX", 43); System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee reference--"); e.mailCheck(); }}
如上面代码,抽象类不能直接实例化对象,不然会发生编译错误!
使用抽象类
通过一般的方法继承Employee类:
abstract class Employee{ private String name; private String address; private int number; public Employee(String name, String address, int number) { System.out.println("Constructing an Employee"); this.name = name; this.address = address; this.number = number; } public double computePay() { System.out.println("Inside Employee computePay"); return 0.0; } public void mailCheck() { System.out.println("Mailing a check to " + this.name + " " + this.address); } public String toString() { return name + " " + address + " " + number; } public String getName() { return name; } public String getAddress() { return address; } public void setAddress(String newAddress) { address = newAddress; } public int getNumber() { return number; }}class Salary extends Employee{ private double salary; //Annual salary public Salary(String name, String address, int number, double salary) { super(name, address, number); setSalary(salary); System.out.println("Constructing a Salary"); } public void mailCheck() { System.out.println("Within mailCheck of Salary class "); System.out.println("Mailing check to " + getName() + " with salary " + salary); } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary(double newSalary) { if(newSalary >= 0.0) { salary = newSalary; } } public double computePay() { System.out.println("Computing salary pay for " + getName()); return salary/52; }}public class AbstractClass{ public static void main(String [] args) { Salary s = new Salary("Mohd Mohtashim", "Ambehta, UP", 3, 3600.00); Employee e = new Salary("John Adams", "Boston, MA", 2, 2400.00); System.out.println("Call mailCheck using Salary reference --"); s.mailCheck(); System.out.println("\n Call mailCheck using Employee reference--"); e.mailCheck(); }}